TLR4 and enteritis: Additionally, rats subjected to preventive intervention with LPN1 showed reduced expression of oxalic acid and renal osteopontin and CD44 in the urine, as well as improved ethylene glycol-induced enteritis and barrier function due to reduced LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4)/NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling in serum and upregulation of claudin -2 of the colon.