A study found that the treatment of adipose tissue-derived MSCs with BC-derived EVs could induce their differentiation into tumour-associated myofibroblasts, exhibiting α-SMA, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and TGFβ expression [88]. Here, VEGFA is linked to breast cancer.