AGER and infection: Although eHMGB1 as a host product is sterile itself, it signals through toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4), the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), NF-κB-inflammasome, and/or CXCL-12-CXCR4-NF-κB-inflammasome axis, and induces organ damage even in the absence of infection [22,24,25,26].