RT-qPCR analysis of the abundance of transcripts for TNF-α or IL-1β showed very low levels of activation of these pro-inflammatory cytokines in either cell type following ZIKV infection (Figure 4A,B), with the levels once again appearing to follow the time-course study of viral infection in each cell line (Figure 2D,E), as was seen for IFN-γ mRNA expression (Figure 3B). Here, TNF is linked to viral infectious disease.