Livers of asymptomatic and naturally L. chagasi (syn L. infantum) infected dogs have been described as exhibiting well-structured granulomas with a predominance of Th1 CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, together with dendritic cells, expression of MHCII, and CD11c and CD18 integrins in a cellular microenvironment of immune activation with high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-12 and TNF-α [36,37,38]. Here, TNF is linked to Granuloma.