TNF and COVID-19: This cytokine storm causes an increase in T-helper (Th)-1 cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2, CXCL10, IL-6, and IFN-γ, and Th-2 cytokines, including IL-10, IL-4, and IL-1 receptor antagonists in the serum of COVID-19 patients [2,148].