The repair role of APE1/Ref-a is also suggested from findings of a murine myocarditis model in that APE1/Ref-1 is elevated at a later time point, in contrast to that of other markers, such as IL-1β, IFN-β, and IL-6 expression, which disappear with a decline in virus titer [11]. This evidence concerns the gene APEX1 and myocarditis.