Monocyte and macrophage chemoattractants and activation parameters (e.g., chemokine ligand [CCL] 2, also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, MCP-1 [393,408], CCL3 alias macrophage inflammatory protein-1a, MIP-1a [408]), receptors (e.g., chemokine C-X-C receptor 4, CXCR4 [409], triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1, TREM-1 [410]) have been shown to be significantly increased in rodent models, AAA patient plasma, and aneurysmal wall tissue. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and triple-A syndrome.