This came as a surprise given that numerous in vitro and in vivo studies had previously identified EGFR-mediated signalling as a driver for the upregulation of PD-L1 expression on tumour cells [32,33,34,36] and solid tumours with high PD-L1 expression were expected to be likely responders of PD-L1/PD-1 immunotherapies [3]. Here, EGFR is linked to neoplasm.