TNF and epilepsy: For example, the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has been suggested to induce seizures [16] and high levels of these cytokines have been found in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and blood serum of patients with epilepsy [17].