TNF and gestational diabetes: ▪Adipose tissue:-It synthesizes adipokines, which can directly influence the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β (IL-1β), nterleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and contribute to the increase of serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and RONS. These factors favor the activation of the inflammatory cascade and, consequently, deregulate organic homeostasis, which may exacerbate the factors involved in the physiopathogenesis of GDM.