TNF and diabetic kidney disease: Betulinic acid therapy inhibited oxidative stress (MDA) and proinflammatory (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) cytokines and improved cellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in STZ-induced DKD, the authors of this study related the protective role of betulinic acid to its effect on the pathway of AMPK/NF-κB/Nrf2 [257].