TNF and liver dysplastic nodule: The data indicated that PN could maintain normal kidney function and amended histopathological changes by improving oxidative stress markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), inflammatory markers (NFkβ-p65, Ikk-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), apoptosis markers (caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax), fibrosis markers (TGF-β1, VEGF and FGF-1) and proliferative markers such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 in diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model [61].