MAPK3 and ovarian cancer: One such AMPK-independent pathway is the down-regulation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) (Supplementary Figure S1) signaling pathway, an observation consistent with previous report that suggests metformin treatment of HO-8910 human ovarian cancer cell lines inactivate ERK1/2 and thereby reduce cell viability and induce apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner [31].