ACE and chronic kidney disease: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are also recommended as first-line therapy in patients with concomitant heart failure (HF), left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (ejection fraction (EF) ≤ 40%), anterior MI, diabetes or hypertension, and in those with stable chronic kidney disease (CKD) [4–8].