Changes in HDL composition have been described in SLE patients more generally [33], this includes increased triglycerides and serum amyloid A and reduced HDL-cholesterol:ApoA1 ratio and cholesterol esters and [33] paraoxinase-1 activity (an enzyme associated with HDL that reduces HDL and LDL oxidation) [34]. The gene discussed is APOA1; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.