APOB and atherosclerosis: Importantly, this biomarker has been identified by previous studies to predict of CVD-risk in young people, including prospective studies showing that the expression of apolipoproteins in healthy children reflects subclinical atherosclerosis development [39] and cardiometabolic risk [40] in adulthood, and another study showing that the ApoB:ApoA1 ratio was associated with cardio-metabolic risk in a subset of JSLE patients [41].