TLR4 and neoplasm: Examples of cytokines and growth factors induced by TLR2 and/or TLR4 in OSCC cells include IL-1, IL-6, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, CCL2, CCL20, CXCL8, and VEGF [96, 109, 110], which contribute to the inflammatory environment, vascularization, and tumor cell properties.