In addition to their tumour-promoting functions, CAF have been shown to confer resistance to different types of cancer therapy, including cetuximab and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint immunotherapy, as well as radiotherapy and cisplatin chemotherapy [77–80, 98–101], suggesting that therapeutic CAF targeting could increase response rates for a diverse range of treatments. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.