For example, FAP-expressing CAF have been shown to exclude T-cells from tumours through secretion of CXCL12 [90]; targeting the CXCL12/CXCR4 signalling axis using plerixafor (a CXCR4 inhibitor) has been shown to overcome this exclusion effect and promote response to anti-PD-1 [104]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL12 and neoplasm.