Cancer-associated fibroblasts, the most dominant components of the TME, are recipients of many of these factors (e.g., TGF-β), as well as directly contributing to tumor progression and an inflammatory TME via the secretion of VEGF, IL-6, IL-8, PGE2, TGF-β, and activation of NF-κB [148]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.