Moreover, using a 3D culture system consisting of HPV-negative or HPV-positive OPSCC spheroids embedded in a tonsillar fibroblast-populated stromal matrix to mimic the tumour microenvironment, we show that both chemokine secretion and neutrophil recruitment are dependent on IL-1β/IL-1R paracrine signalling. This evidence concerns the gene IL1R1 and neoplasm.