Furthermore, expression of the neutrophil-specific chemokine CXCL8 was produced at significantly higher levels than CCL2 or CCL5 in HPV-negative tumour-stromal models, suggesting that neutrophil-specific chemokines may out-weigh those for monocytes and lymphocytes, potentially skewing leukocyte subset recruitment in these tumours. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and neoplasm.