TGFB1 and neoplasm: In particular, local oxygen depletion leads to the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that promote cancer cell proliferation and drive autophagic/lysosomal loss of stromal caveolin-1 [an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling] in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), resulting in tumor recurrence and metastasis and affecting patient survival [11–14].