TGFB1 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: Obstruction of TGF-β signaling or type I IFNs activates N1 phenotype with accretion of TNF-α and type 1 IFN, whereas augmentation in TGF-β signaling leads to N2 phenotype with high levels of neutrophil elastase (NE) and arginase in oral cancers [81].