This was demonstrated by Wakabayashi et al. in their investigation of cationic liposome-mediated interferon-beta gene transfer therapy for high-grade glioma, a treatment previously shown to induce experimental glioma regression.57 Here, altered gene expression patterns related to apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immune response pathways were identified in tumors sampled two weeks after the gene therapy trial. Here, IFNB1 is linked to central nervous system cancer.