TNF and infection: The initial responses of the infection are the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can be assessed by serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and IL-6 (Ayala et al., 2014 and Cherian DA, et al., 2019).