In ex vivo cultures of mucosa from diarrhoea patients, CFS of L. casei DG could downregulate pro-inflammatory immune response, upregulate anti-inflammatory immune response, via reducing expression levels of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and TLR-4, and increasing those of IL-10 (106). Here, IL6 is linked to myalgic encephalomeyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.