GATA4 and ventricular septal defect 1: 14 Variants in the GATA4 gene are highly associated with different types of CHD, 15 including tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, dilated cardiomyopathy, and pulmonary valve stenosis.