TNF and infection: Although IFN-γ and TNF were elevated in the Lgals-3–/– animals, upregulation of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 were also evident at 15 days post-infection, inducing a shift toward Th17 and Th2 responses that could be explained by mechanisms involving galectin-3 modulation of the innate immune response during T. cruzi primo-infection (Chain et al., 2020).