In our T1DM patients, 50% of children and adolescents had detectable NGAL (E and/or S fraction), 11% had MAU >20 mg/L, and 5.9% elevated ACR, suggesting that this tubular injury biomarker appears when the classic glomerular biomarkers of DKD are not present, this finding is agreeing to previous publication (22, 50). Here, LCN2 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.