EGFR and lung carcinoma: Indeed, alterations in the RAS, p53, and PI3K pathways3–5, mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)6–8, as well as microenvironmental factors, such as tumor-associated fibroblasts, macrophages9–11, and regulatory T cells12,13 have been identified as key mediators of lung cancer progression, recurrence, and metastasis14.