This study aimed to investigate the expression of GM-CSF and GM-CSFRα in inflamed arteries from patients with GCA, to detect activation of GM-CSFR-related signalling pathways and modulation of downstream gene expression, and to investigate the impact of GM-CSFRα blockade with mavrilimumab on inflammation in ex vivo cultured arteries from patients with GCA. Here, CSF2 is linked to temporal arteritis.