SERPINA1 and squamous cell carcinoma: [27] identified an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 4.51; 95% CI = 1.66–12.29) in carriers of the PI*MZ and PI*MS genotypes; Yang et al. [30] observed an increased risk of adenocarcinoma in carriers of AAT deficiency alleles, bronchoalveolar carcinoma (OR = 2; 95% CI = 1.1–3.8) and squamous cell carcinoma in particular (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.2–5.3); and Li et al. [21] also detected 55.3% of adenocarcinomas.