Biomarkers of vascular injury or activation ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) (Figure 7F) and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) (Figure 7G) and inflammation (Figures E5A and E5B) were increased in plasma from patients experiencing COPD exacerbation. This evidence concerns the gene ICAM1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.