TLR3 and neoplasm: One of the two major apoptosis pathways starts at the cell surface with signals from death receptors such as TNFR1 and Fas/CD95; Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and is expressed by many tumour cells, can assemble a similar death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) and trigger similar death-inducing events [1].