Advanced age, high blood pressure, genetic factors, mechanical stress, metabolic factors (dyslipidemia, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and metabolic uremic factors), inflammation, mineral/hormone-related factors (hyperphosphatemia and Ca × P product and PTH levels), and drugs, including calcium-based phosphate binders, have been suggested as risk factors for cardiac valve calcification in patients with CKD6,18–20. This evidence concerns the gene PTH and metabolic syndrome.