Since non-exercise/physical activity intervention studies in adults between 40–90 years of age find significantly reduced growth of WMH following pharmacological (e.g., antihypertensives, intranasal insulin), life-style (e.g., diabetes mellitus type 2), and physiological (e.g., preconditioning) interventions [40–43], it might be that aerobic exercise intervention alone is less effective at reducing WMH compared to targeting other or several mechanisms associated with WMH. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.