MTOR and isolated focal cortical dysplasia type IIa: Somatic mutations in the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) and other genes correlated with the mTOR signaling pathway, such as AKT3 and PIK3CA, have been identified in the pathological brain tissues of patients with FCD type IIa or IIb.4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9