Although the uses of anti-PD-1/L1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), it has been shown that LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, VISTA have the potential to be upregulated in patients with tumor recurrence following anti-PD-1/L1 or anti-CTLA-4, which implies another mechanism for the acquired resistance. Here, VSIR is linked to neoplasm.