MTOR and malnutrition: CR is accepted as a decrease in calorie intake without malnutrition, while ADF is another dietary regimen without restriction of total calorie intake.[32] It is well acknowledged that mTOR and AMPK signaling play vital role in regulating metabolic health under CR.[46] Here, we reported that either mTOR or AMPK signaling was not altered in the liver by ADF or Sdhaf4 KO, though that ATP levels were moderately decreased in both models (Figure S3, Supporting Information).