ATF3 and viral infectious disease: In fact, JUN, FOS, FOSB, and ATF3 are components of TF activator protein‐1 (AP‐1), a type of dimeric TF that has been widely studied and is formed by JUN, FOS, ATF, and MAF protein families, which regulates a variety of functions, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, transformation, apoptosis, survival,55, 56 migration, and oncogenesis in the response to extracellular and external stimuli such as cytokines, growth factors, stress signals, bacterial and viral infections, and oncoproteins.57, 58