CTLA4 and urinary bladder carcinoma: In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies using immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) factors, such as programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4) as therapeutic targets (Bodor, Boumber & Borghaei, 2020), with significant effects being achieved in diseases such as melanoma, lung, breast, and bladder cancers (Le et al., 2017; Cyriac & Gandhi, 2018).