IL1B and Alzheimer disease: Pro-inflammatory cytokines that are released in response to surgery include the tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL) IL-1β and IL-6, which can then induce the production and release of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in neuroinflammation leading to Aβ plaque formation, which is known to be associated with AD pathology [16].