MAPK3 and prostate carcinoma: As we did not observe changes in AR signaling that could explain the lipid-regulated cell proliferation patterns, we considered other growth-promoting signaling cascades that are activated by LDL, commonly after short incubation periods, including Erk1/2, p38MAPK, Akt, and G-protein pathways [31–35], which have also been implicated in prostate cancer biology [36–38].