TNF and COVID-19: This cell-host interaction is important as many of the cytokines produced in response to COVID-19 (i.e., interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)) [20–23] stimulate infiltration of macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils into the lung tissue.