DPP4 and chronic kidney disease: Similarly, the adherence of DPP4 inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) was significantly higher (OR [95% CI] of adherence for DPP4 inhibitors: 1.41 [1.25–1.59], p < 0.01) than pioglitazone, a well-established second-line therapy for T2DM patients with CKD [57].