Moreover, the levels of p-aPKCɩ and p-NF-κB were increased in aPKCɩ-transduced CCA cells treated with M2-CM, while anti-TGFβ1 neutralizing antibody or LY2157299 (a selective TGFβ receptor inhibitor) treatment reversed the above effects (Fig. 4B). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cholangiocarcinoma.