Exosomes play a vital role in the communication between cancer cells and TAMs, and we found that compared to tumours with low circNEIL3 expression, glioma samples with high circNEIL3 expression exhibited significantly increased expression of a panel of macrophage-derived immunosuppressive genes [12, 13], including CD163, TGFB1, IL1RA, IL10, ARG1 and PD-L1 (Fig. S10E). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.