Previous studies demonstrate that S1P1 activation improves outcomes after myocardial or cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury [28] and that cardiac overexpression of S1P1 improves left ventricular contractility and relaxation in rats undergoing myocardial infarction [14], while endothelial S1P1 deficient mice display worse outcomes [29]. Here, S1PR1 is linked to Cerebral ischemia.