TGFB1 and Hyperglycemia: A study demonstrated that PAQR3 knockout inhibited the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in glomerular mesangial cells following hyperglycemia, consequently inhibiting the deposition of extracellular matrix in glomerular mesangial cells.[47] Animal experiments indicated that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors reduced the extracellular matrix deposition in the kidneys of diabetic mice and downregulated the expression of HDACs, TGF-β1, and α-SMA.