PDCD1 and urothelial carcinoma: In the adjuvant setting, pembrolizumab targeting PD-1 has been approved as the first-line treatment for patients with urothelial carcinoma who are cisplatin-ineligible and induces a robust and durable response in these populations.[12] In a phase 3 clinical trial, patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma who received adjuvant nivolumab had longer disease-free survival than those received placebo.[13] In neoadjuvant settings, immunotherapy for MIBC has been evaluated in several ongoing clinical trials.