The results of GSEA analysis indicated that focal adhesion, pathways in cancer, GAP junction, chemokine signaling pathway, WNT signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, steroid biosynthesis, bladder cancer, MAPK signaling pathway, and calcium signaling pathway were mainly enriched in the high-risk group, suggesting that patients of high-risk groups were notably related to cancer-related signaling pathway, while oxidative phosphorylation and cardiac muscle contraction were highly enriched in the low-risk group (Supplementary Figure 3). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.