Noting that the epithelium of DCIS in Excluded state were not completely depleted of infiltrating lymphocytes, the upregulated processes were consistent with the higher expression of PCDC1 or CTLA4 genes in DCIS in Excluded state (Fig. 4e), albeit not significant, and suggesting a likely continuum of increasing immuno-suppression from Suppressed to Excluded states. Here, CTLA4 is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.