We further constructed gene modules in AT2 (LUAD) and basal (LUSC) cells, which revealed that many tumor-related genes in cells from stage-I patients, including PIGR, AZGP1, BTG2, EGR1, and LMO3 in AT2 cells from LUAD (Fig. 5e), and AQP3, SPHK1, PPT1, and PDIA6 were found in basal cells from LUSC (Fig. 5f). Here, PPT1 is linked to neoplasm.